Cardiovascular prevention

Percent total body weight loss expresses change in weight as a fraction of starting weight. It is the standard way to monitor and report response to obesity treatment, including GLP-1 and dual incretin therapies. A loss of 5% or more is generally considered clinically meaningful, with greater benefit at 10% and 15% or more. It is a monitoring metric, not a diagnosis.

The 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations estimate the 10-year probability of a first hard atherosclerotic cardiovascular event (nonfatal MI, coronary death, or fatal/nonfatal stroke) in adults aged 40 to 79 without known ASCVD. This is a legacy equation: current AHA materials position PREVENT as the race-free tool for contemporary primary-prevention risk estimation.

BMI is weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. It is a quick population screen for weight status, not a measure of body fat or health on its own. For people of South Asian and other Asian ancestry, risk rises at lower BMIs, so the lower WHO Asia-Pacific cut points are shown alongside the standard bands.

Estimated average glucose (eAG) converts an HbA1c percentage into the average glucose it corresponds to, expressed in the same units patients see on a meter (mg/dL or mmol/L). It comes from the ADAG study regression. eAG is a population-level estimate of average glucose over the preceding 2 to 3 months, not a substitute for actual glucose monitoring, and it should not be confused with the CGM-derived glucose management indicator (GMI).

A five-domain score (0 to 10) for adults presenting to the emergency department with chest pain, estimating the 6-week risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE: death, MI, or coronary revascularisation). Low scorers can often be discharged early; high scorers warrant an early invasive strategy.

HOMA-IR is a simple fasting surrogate for insulin resistance derived by Matthews and colleagues in 1985. A healthy reference individual scores about 1; higher values suggest more insulin resistance. There is no single universal threshold: cutoffs vary with the insulin assay, population, age, and BMI, so the number is best read against your own laboratory's reference range and trended over time.

A seven-item bedside score (0 to 7) for unstable angina or NSTEMI that estimates the 14-day risk of a composite of all-cause death, new or recurrent myocardial infarction, and severe recurrent ischaemia requiring urgent revascularisation. Higher scores identify patients who derive more benefit from an early invasive strategy and potent antithrombotic therapy.