Hospital medicine

Five equally-weighted criteria score community-acquired pneumonia severity from 0 to 5, stratifying 30-day mortality risk and informing whether a patient can be managed as an outpatient or needs admission.

A pre-endoscopy score (0 to 23) using blood urea, haemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, pulse, and clinical features to predict the need for intervention (transfusion, endoscopic therapy, or surgery) in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. A score of 0 (some use up to 1) identifies very-low-risk patients who may be considered for outpatient management.

A simple bedside score (0 to 9) estimating the 1-year risk of major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients on antithrombotic therapy. Its main value is highlighting reversible bleeding risk factors, not vetoing anticoagulation in patients who need it.

NEWS2 aggregates seven routine observations into a single score that standardises how acute deterioration is detected and escalated in adults. Each parameter scores 0 to 3; the total, together with any single parameter scoring 3, determines a low, medium, or high clinical response.

A weighted score that stratifies hospitalised medical (non-surgical) patients by venous thromboembolism risk. A total of 4 or more identifies high risk: in the derivation cohort these patients had a markedly higher VTE rate, and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis is recommended unless contraindicated. A score below 4 is low risk.

Three rapidly-assessed criteria identify patients with suspected infection who are at higher risk of in-hospital death or prolonged ICU stay. A score of 2 or more should prompt escalation, lactate measurement, and a full sepsis assessment. qSOFA is a prompt, not a diagnosis of sepsis and not a screening replacement.